Ogical actions by which they modify influenza A virus replication like very pathogenic avian H5N1 strains. These actions might be cell type-specific and incorporate pro- and antiviral effects. The overall activity may be the result in the totality of effects exerted by a particular flavonoid in a certain cell kind. A additional detailed understanding of these actions and also the underlying structure-activity relationships is required so as to design structures with optimised anti-influenza activity.AROS optimistic cells ( ) one hundred 80 60 400 H5N1 biochanin A baicalein NAC-+ -+ + -+ + -+ ++ + ++ + +B12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 H5N1 biochanin A baicalein NAC TCID50/mL-+ -+ + -+ + -+ ++ + ++ + +Figure 3 Effects of baicalein and biochanin A on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and H5N1 replication in main human monocyte-derived macrophages in combination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Macrophages had been infected with H5N1 strain A/Thailand/1 (Kan-1)/04 (MOI 1).Formula of Fmoc-β-HoGlu(OtBu)-OH Drugs had been constantly present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period. Virus titres had been determined 48 h post infection. A) Effects of flavonoids 40 M and/or NAC five mM on H5N1-induced ROS formation, `-‘ indicates absence of virus or respective compound, `+’ indicates presence of virus or respective compound. *P 0.05 relative to flavonoids alone; B) Effects of baicalein 40 M or biochanin A 40 M inside the presence or absence of NAC five mM on H5N1 titres. `-‘ indicates absence of virus or respective compound, `+’ indicates presence of virus or respective compound. Values are presented as mean ?S.Lumisterol 3 (>90%) Formula D.PMID:23847952 from 3 various independent experiments.Michaelis et al. BMC Study Notes 2014, 7:384 http://biomedcentral/1756-0500/7/Page five ofAbbreviations NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; ROS: Reactive oxygen species. Competing interests The authors declare that they’ve no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MM and JC created the study, analysed the data, and wrote the manuscript. PS performed experiments and analysed data. All authors read and authorized the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors thank Mrs. Christina Matreux, Mrs. Kerstin Euler, Mrs. Gesa Meincke, and Mrs. Rosy Schmidt for technical supports. This function was supported by the EU (SARS/FLU vaccine/ proposal no. 512054, Chimeric Vaccines/ proposal no. 512864, Intranasal H5 vaccine, proposal no. 044512), by the Hilfe f krebskranke Kinder Frankfurt e.V., and by the Frankfurter Stiftung f krebskranke Kinder. P. Sithisarn was supported by a FRA scholarship from the Royal Thai Government. Author specifics 1 Institute for Medical Virology, Clinics with the Goethe-University, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Most important, Germany. 2Current address: Centre for Molecular Processing and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK. 3Current address: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. Received: 24 April 2014 Accepted: 13 June 2014 Published: 23 June 2014 References 1. Cheung CL, Rayner JM, Smith GJ, Wang P, Naipospos TS, Zhang J, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y, Chen H: Distribution of amantadine-resistant H5N1 avian influenza variants in Asia. J Infect Dis 2006, 193:1626?629. 2. de Jong MD: H5N1 transmission and illness: observations in the frontlines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008, 27:S54 56. three. Hien ND, Ha NH, Van NT, Ha NT, Lien TT, Thai NQ, Trang VD, Shimbo T, Takahashi Y, Kato Y, Kawana A, Akita S, Kudo K: Human infection with hugely pathogenic avian influenza virus (.